Original articleUsing Filtered Forecasting Techniques to Determine Personalized Monitoring Schedules for Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma
Section snippets
Data Sources
Data from 2 large, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trials, the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS) and Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS), were used for parameterization and validation of a Kalman filter and scheduling algorithm. These clinical trials were chosen because they included multiple measurements of IOP (by Goldmann applanation tonometry) and VF results (using a Humphrey Field Analyzer; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) for patients with mild to
Results
A total of 571 participants (571 eyes) with OAG met the study inclusion criteria. Table 1 presents a summary of the participants. Of these, 266 (47%) came from CIGTS and 305 (53%) came from AGIS. The mean (standard deviation) age of the study participants at baseline was 63.2 (10.9) years. The participants included 272 male subjects (48%) and 299 female subjects (52%). There were 263 whites (46%) and 288 blacks (50%), and 20 were classified as some other race. Participants were followed in the
Discussion
By using a forecasting technique called Kalman filtering, we parameterized an algorithm that dynamically updates the timing of future measurements for each individual on the basis of prior measurements. The Kalman filter starts with information about the population, and as patient observations are obtained, the Kalman filter incorporates these data to learn about each individual's specific progression dynamics. Our algorithm was validated using longitudinal data from 2 large, multicenter
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Leslie Niziol, MS, for formatting the data from CIGTS; Paul Van Veldhuisen, PhD, for providing the data from AGIS; and the following undergraduate students for assistance in coding and analysis of clinical trial data: Jade Watts, Amanda Bayagich, Xiang Li, and Sam Devaprasad.
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Financial Disclosure(s): The author(s) have made the following disclosure(s): The authors of this work have a Provisionary Patent 010109-11001P filed with the U.S. Office of Patents, which covers intellectual property described in this manuscript.
Partial funding for this work has been received from National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award Grant UL 1RR024986 and National Science Foundation Grant CMMI-1161439. The funding organizations had no role in the design or conduct of this research.