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      "titulo" => "Avoiding misinterpretations of Kappa angle for clinical research studies with Pentacam"
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    "titulo" => "Uncontrolled experimentation is not an option for open minds&#58; Ethical research is the answer"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optometry has experienced a very significant development in the last years&#44; being the scientific advance and the higher level of academic formation the main reasons for this achievement&#46; The number of scientific journals on Optometry and the number of publications on the results of researches conducted by optometrists have increased significantly&#44; including investigations in collaboration with many other health professionals&#46; All this scientific production&#44; including articles from Journal of Optometry&#44; is a valuable tool for optometrists for performing a more consistent and reliable practice&#44; with the inclusion of new validated clinical techniques or procedures&#46; Indeed&#44; this scientific advance and the improvement of its diffusion have led to the development of the concept of evidence-based optometry&#46; However&#44; the development based on research cannot be confused with the development of uncontrolled clinical experimentation&#46; Optometry must advance but considering the ethical standards&#44; avoiding the use of uncontrolled experimentation as a marketing concept for cajoling patients&#46; The idea of being an open-minded professional for using this type of experimentation must be dismantled&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most important set of guidelines about research on human participants is the Declaration of Helsinki&#44; which was adopted by the World Medical Association&#39;s General Assembly in 1964 and has been reviewed and revised regularly according to the new social and legal requirements&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These guidelines reflect and shapes the ethos of international research ethics and must be followed strictly by optometrists when performing research or considering the application of a new treatment option&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There are no exceptions and it is not only a question of including a sentence in the paper stating that the research follows the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki&#46; These guidelines must be really considered point by point when designing and performing any type of research on the different areas of Optometry&#46; This Declaration is the most optimum ethical framework considering not only patient autonomy&#44; but also aspects as distributive justice and beneficence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> While the Declaration is aware of the need to facilitate research&#44; it is equally aware of the need to protect the vulnerable&#44; and of the practical difficulties involved in that protection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One critical issue is to avoid the use of vulnerable groups or individuals who are at higher risk of harm&#44; because cannot consent due to their position or to the fact of being at increased risk of coercion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> as individuals for performing uncontrolled experimentation&#46; This is especially true for children with neurological disorders&#44; specific learning problems or brain injury whose parents will apply any type of experimental treatment in the attempt of obtaining a miraculous result&#46; A great variety of non-validated treatments have appeared in the last years that are being applied for recovering complex cases with unusual optical aids or specific visual trainings&#46; The use of these non-validated approaches as well as their advertising claim is a way of performing uncontrolled experimentation and an unethical practice and are contributing to the deterioration of our professional image&#46; New visual and optical treatments in vulnerable groups or complex cases must be investigated and validated with honesty and following the ethical guidelines&#44; as many authors have done and reported in Journal of Optometry&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; research is crucial for the advance of Optometry as it is the way of finding new options of managing and solving problems for patients&#46; However&#44; this does not mean that uncontrolled experimentation can be done in any practice without following the ethical standards&#44; especially in the most vulnerable groups&#46; Uncontrolled experimentation is not an open-minded professional practice&#59; the ethical research is the answer for validating new therapeutic approaches&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Disclosure</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no proprietary or commercial interests to disclose</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">David P Pi&#241;ero is supported by the Ministry of Economy&#44; Industry and Competitiveness of Spain within the program Ram&#243;n y Cajal&#44; RYC-2016-20471&#46;</p></span></span>"
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